6 www.megger.comSECTION IEarth ResistivityThe term “earth resistivity” expressed in ohm-centimeters (abbreviated ohm-cm) is one basic variable affecting resistance to earth of an electrode system. But the actual value of earth resistivity need not be measured to check the electrode earth resistance. Consider other fields where the value of resistivity is measured; also some of the factors affecting it that are of interest in earth testing.Earth resistivity measurements can be used conveniently for geophysical prospecting — to locate ore bodies, clays, and water-bearing gravel beneath the earth’s surface. The measurement can also be used to determine depth to bed rock and thickness of glacial drift.Measurements of earth resistivity are useful also for finding the best location and depth for low resistance electrodes. Such studies are made, for example, when a new electrical unit is being constructed; a generating station, substation, transmission tower, or telephone central office.Finally, earth resistivity may be used to indicate the degree of corrosion to be expected in underground pipelines for water, oil, gas, gasoline, etc. In general, spots where the resistivity values are low tend to increase corrosion. This same kind of information is a good guide for installing cathodic protection.How Earth Resistivity is MeasuredA four-terminal instrument is used to measure earth resistivity. Now, however, you use four small-sized electrodes driven down to the same depth and equal distances apart in a straight line (Fig. 1). Four separate lead wires connect the electrodes to the four terminals on the instrument, as shown. Hence, the name of this test: the four-terminal method.
