Guidance to the world of standardsIEC 60364Low-voltage electrical installationsIEC 60364-4-42Protection for safety - Protection against thermal effectsElectrically Ignited Fires in Low-voltage Electrical InstallationsEaton.comEaton – AFDD+ - Arc Fault Detection Device
2EATON CORPORATION BR003010EN(Source: Reuters, 20 January 2016)Did you know: 95 per cent of fire victims die as a result of smoke inhalation?(Source: GDV)Electrically ignited fire Fire next to the tallest building in the world On New Year’s Eve 2016, a fire broke out in a hotel (Address Downtown Dubai) and residential building in the vicinity of the famous Burj Khalifa, currently the world’s tallest building.According to police officials, the direct cause of the fire in the 63-storey building was an electric short-circuit, which occurred in between the 14th and 15th floor at approximately 9:30 pm local time. Flames shot up towards the sky from one side of the building and pieces of blazing debris later rained down, yet fortunately only minor injuries were reported during the evacuation process, even though people had gathered in the area for the New Year’s fireworks display at the Burj Khalifa only a few hundred metres away.The evacuation proceeded quickly and smoothly, so the authorities decided to go through with the fireworks display, as planned.Hidden fire hazards ...Help! Fire!!(Source: The Bourne Enterprise, 30 May 2019)Did you know: 70 per cent of fire victims are killed in accidents atnight in their own home.(Source: GDV)Major fire in apartment building Centuries-old apartment building destroyed by electrical fireA massive fire tore through a nearly 200-year-old residential building in Bourne, Massachusetts (USA) on 29 May 2019.The building had a wooden structure which quickly caught fire and promoted the further spread of the fire into the attic, leading to the collapse of the roof.All residents of the building holding 9 apartments were safely evacuated, however, a 65-year old man required further treatment at the hospital due to smoke inhalation.Although it is impossible to determine the exact cause, a spokesperson for the state Department of Fire Services said the fire started in an interior wall and since the only heat source there is electrical, it was ruled that the fire was electrically caused.According to the State Fire Marshal, electrical fires are the second leading cause of home fire deaths in Massachusetts and the best way to prevent electrical fires is to have all electrical work done by a licensed electrician, have your electrical installation reviewed every 10 years and avoid overloads in outlets. !
3EATON CORPORATION BR003010EN(Source: Wikipedia, Torre Windsor)(Source: La Hora, 09 May 2019)32 %of all fires are caused by electricity 1)16.808 fire deaths in 34 countries (2017) 2)$ 11.1 billion damages due to fires in structures not related to wildfires (USA, 2018) 3)1) Institut für Brandursachenstatistik (2018) and applicable for the fires that were reported between 2002 and 20182) CTIF (Center of Fire Statistics) report Nr. 24 from 2019 (World Fire Statistics for the year 2017)3) Insurance Information Institute, Facts + Statistics: FireOffice tower caught fireSkyscraper collapsed after blazeMadrid, ES - On a Saturday around midnight, a fire was detected on the 21st floor. The fire spread rapidly throughout the entire building leading to the collapse of the outermost steel parts of the upper floors. Firefighters needed almost 24 hours to extinguish it. While seven firefighters were injured, fortunately nobody was killed in the fire, which was arguably the worst fire in Madrid‘s history. The city council of Madrid covered the cost of demolishing the remains of the building, estimated at approximately € 22M ($ 32.5M). A new tower called Torre Titania was finished in 2011, replacing the collapsed Windsor Tower. After subsequent investigation the fire was blamed on an electrical fault.Electrical fault in a cultural heritage buildingElectrical fault leads to devastating fire in a cultural heritage buildingAn electrical fault that occurred in a storage room was identified as the cause for the fire that engulfed the first floor of a cultural heritage residential building in the metro-politan area of Quito, Ecuador.The staircase - including the handrail - of the building were completely destroyed and the wooden flooring of the first floor was also damaged, yet apparently there was no damage to the ground floor of the house, apart from the carbonized wood and debris.The house was overpopulated by some 20 tenants of foreign nationality who were transferred to one of the municipal shelters. According to witness accounts, some desperate residents even jumped out of windows when they realized the building was on fire.(Source: Chelsea Record, 10 May 2019)Family home in fireElectrical problems cause fatal fireThe life of a 37-year old man was claimed by a fire that broke out in a 2-family home in Chelsea, Massachusetts, causing also considerable material damage.Investigators ruled as cause for the fire an electrical event, since the fire origin was located in an area where there were numerous electrical circuits. In addition, according to the residents’ reports, the lights in the first-floor kitchen went out just before the fire was discovered.What is more, the house’s smoke alarms, carbon monoxide alarms and heat detectors were either disconnected, not functional, too old or simply missing, which is why no sounding alarms were heard by first responders.
4EATON CORPORATION BR003010EN“Fire and water, they are good servants, but bad masters.“Roger L‘EstrangeEven today, fire poses a great threat to people and their belongings. Fortunately, the consistent use of technical aids can reduce the risk of fire and its effects. Thank goodness for smoke detectorsA good example of successful risk mitigation is the increased use of smoke detectors, which has reduced the number of annual deaths by fire in Germany over the past 15 years from over 800 to around 400 victims. Smoke detectors enable people in hazard zones to recognize the danger within the critical 2- to 4-minute time window after fire onset, during which the residents can evacuate to safety relatively unharmed. Smoke inhalation is the first negative health effect of fires and can often be fatal which is why it is classified as one of the main fire threats. Consequently, all federal states in Germany have already decided on the mandatory use of smoke detectors.Increased risk of firePeopleDifficult conditions of evacuation due to:• Mobility of people• Number of people• Special locations Items• Combustible materials - Storage - Processing• Combustible construction materials• Assets and goods of significant valueHidden fire hazards ...The task: reducing the risk of fireCombustiblematerialIgnitionsourceOxygen Conditions for a fire
5EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENHow can the risk of electrically ignited fires be reduced?To answer this question, it helps to pull up some statistics on causes for fire. Around 32 % of fires are electrically ignited. At this point, a number of technical measures using automatic disconnection are in force, which have proven their effectiveness:(Source: Institut für Brandursachenstatistik)Possible cause of fire: excessive current• A miniature circuit breaker (MCB) recognizes faults whereby a critical threshold value for current is exceeded. MCBs can prevent the thermal destruction of installation parts caused either by short-circuits or overcurrents. Possible cause of fire: residual current• A residual current device (RCD) detects if there is a current flowing back to the source through other paths (hence the term “residual”) and earth, e.g. a human or animal body or a conductive object not part of the installation. They are essential if protection against electric shock makes disconnecting the circuit necessary and are considered an incomplete solution for protection against electrically ignited fires. Even relatively small residual currents that are, for instance, caused by people making contact with an electrical circuit, can trigger ventricular fibrillation or cause fires respectively.Possible cause of fire: arc fault• An Arc Fault Detection Device (AFDD) in accordance with IEC 62606 now fills the major gap in the protection against thermal effects and is able to recognize currents created by an arc fault and disconnect them. These currents are some- what smaller or the same size as the nominal current, but have a decisive characteristic that distinguishes them from conventional fault currents and short- circuits. High frequencies which are superimposed on the normal nominal current can be reconized using a digital detection device. Therefore arcing currents from serial or parallel faults that cannot be detected by the two above-mentioned protection devices (MCBs and RCDs), but can easily cause fires, can be detected and disconnected by an AFDD.Hidden fire hazards ...Cause of fire: electric currentNew: Arc Fault Detection DeviceTechnical innovation is the solutionArcs in electrical installations occur quite often and can be a cause of fire. However, so far they remained undetectable by analogue technology. Yet now an innovative device exists, enabling the detection of arc faults. Such arcs are often the spark that ignites fires and have been identified as preventable.The widespread use of Arc Fault Detection Devices is an important measure to significantly reduce the risk of fire. This simple-to-apply measure prevents the ignition of fires and thus minimises and even eliminates fire damages.
6EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENSevere weather with lightning and rolling thunder makes people uneasy for a good reason – it is dangerous. If these electrical charges come into contact with combusti- ble materials, they can cause fires and severe damage.However, it is not just large lightning that can cause considerable damage. Small light-ning too, so-called arc faults, which can occur within electrical installations, exhibit enormous damage potential.WHERESuch micro-lightning can occur in any cable or wire, be it in fixed installations and in cables of directly connected devices or devices connected via sockets. WHENThey occur when there are faults or damage to the wires, caused by external influen-ces or ageing. However, a loose terminal connection or careless handling of electrical devices can also be the cause. Such faults and damages can be immediate, or they can occur over longer periods of time of months or even years, creating an undetected fire hazard.WHYWhat type of defect can lead to such micro-lightning and what are the most frequent causes of arc faults?• Crushed wires• Damage to wire insulations caused by nails, screws, deterioration etc.• Ageing of installation• Broken cables or discontinuities in a wire • UV rays and rodent bites• Loose contacts and connections• Bent plugs and wiresSerial and parallel arc faultsProtection against micro-lightningEven small arc faults, micro-lightning, can ultimately lead to large fires and devastating damage.Lightning can cause severe damage.
7EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENNow, there is finally a protective device that can recognize micro-lightning by “listening in“ to the wire. Unlike in short-circuits and earth fault cases, the occurrence of an arc fault still leads to and permits the flow of a normal operating current making its detection more difficult and requiring technical finesse. Of course, arc fault detection alone cannot protect against all hazards such as short-circuits, overcurrent and earth faults. Therefore, it is reasonable to combine arc detection with circuit breakers and residual current devices in order to fully minimise the risk of electrically caused fires.Comprehensive protection to reduce fire hazardsComplete protectionEARTH FAULTdetected viatoroidal transformerSERIAL & PARALLELARC FAULTdigital arc fault detectionSHORT-CIRCUIT &OVERCURRENTthermal andmagneticdetectionRCDMCBAFDD
8EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENWhat has changed in the IEC 60364-4-42 and when did the change become effective?In comparison with the edition from 2010, in Amendment 1 of 60364-4-42 significant changes were made in November 2014. These are, amongst others:a) inclusion of additional recommendations for automatic disconnection in case of dangerous electric arcs via arc fault detection devices (AFDDs);b) inclusion of an informative Appendix A for arc fault detection devices (AFDDs).These changes have been effective since the 13th of November 2014.What are the new recommendations?Arc Fault Detection Devices (AFDDs) in accordance with IEC 62606 are now recom-mended in final circuits:• In premises with e.g. hotels and hostels, daycare sleeping accommodations: centres for children, nurseries, facilities that care for the elderly and sick, schools, residential buildings and apartments• In locations with risks of fire e.g. barns, wood-working shops, due to the nature of processed stores of combustible materials, or stored materials: paper and textile processing factories, agricultural premises• In locations with e.g. wooden buildings, buildings combustible materials: where the majority of the constructional material is combustible• In fire propagating structures: e.g. high-rise buildings, forced ventilation systems• In locations with endangering e.g. museums, national monuments, of irreplaceable goods: public premises and important infrastructure such as airports and train stationsWhy was a change necessary and why were these recommendations introduced?So far, the electrical protection concept was incomplete – the detection and effective disconnection of serial arc faults in installations was not possible. The danger substan-tiated by the fire damage and fire victim statistics can now be combatted – as there is now a new solution that fills this gap.IEC 60364-4-42:2010+AMD1:2014Changes in the standard for low-voltage electrical installations
9EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENWas the change to the standard unexpected?The approach to apply and recommend AFDDs with respect to IEC 60364-4-42 was not unexpected. So far, no protective device being able to detect and effectively disconnect serial arc faults had been identified in IEC 60364, i.e. no device having the capability to significantly lower the risk of electrically ignited fire hazards was mentioned. Although the AFDD product standard was published in 2013 and the first such products were already available in 2012, the IEC 60364 series published in 2014 is the first standard for low-voltage electrical installations that actively recommends the AFDD.What is the effective date of application for the new IEC 60364-4-42 standard?IEC 60364-4-42:2014 represents the state-of-the-art standard for the protection against thermal hazards, and, if not conflicting with any national regulations and laws, it can be applied in any IEC member state worldwide effective immediately. Therefore, its recommendations and technical advice shall be applied immediately if state-of-the-art protection is desired or required. Furthermore, electricians normally follow their national standards based on IEC 60364 or HD 60364 to ensure conformity with legal requirements and low-voltage regulations. If national standards do not yet re-fer to the application of AFDDs in low-voltage electrical installations, IEC 60364-4-42 represents a suitable framework to increase the safety level for protection against thermal hazards. Is there a transition period?Yes, any IEC standard has a date of publication and a date of withdrawal. The transition period is the time between the date when a new standard has to be implemented on national level and the date when the „old“ conflicting national standards have to be withdrawn.Possible uncertainties for planners and constructors of electrical systems can be avoided if new standards are applied from the date of publication.?
10EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENThis question can be answered after some details are clarified ...Will the circuitry be a new single phase final circuit? Will the circuit be subject to substantial modifications?At these premises stored wood, hay, dust or other combustible materials are posing a serious fire hazard.YESNOWorkplaces orofficesShould an arc fault detection device (AFDD) be used for protection?NOPublic premisesNONODoes the installation supply premises with sleeping accomodations (e.g. facilities that care for the elderly or sick)?PrivatepremisesIs an update to grant state-of-the-art safety desired?Are the circuits installed in locations with combustible constructional materials (e.g. wooden structures)?Are locations supplied where irreplacable goods (assets and buildings with significant value) are endagered?Museums, monuments, buildings and facilities such as laboratories, computer centers and certain industrial and storage facilities need protection.Public premises should be well protected because of their high value and difficult evacuation. Examples include: railway stations, airports, ...If the location is expected to be challenging to evacuate due to number of individuals and/or their mobility, fire poses a serious threat to human lives and special measures should be taken.Does the location pose a risk of fire due to storage or processing of combustible materials (e.g. wood, paper, textiles, ...)?Does the installation supply agricultural premises?If the surroundings of an installation feature a significant amount of flammable materials, fires could get out of control instantaneously.NOFacilities that care for the elderly or sick are extremely difficult to evacuate due to lack of mobility of the inhabitants. Other high density sleeping accommodations can also be considered problematic. NONOWill the installation supply public or private premises, workplaces or offices?NOYESYESYESYESYESYESYES
11EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENIs the installation part of a location with fire propagating structures (for example high-rise buildings or even skyscrapers)?Our recommendation: precautionary use of an arc fault detection device (AFDD)Based on standards, there is no clear recommendation for use of an AFDD.In the event of damage caused by electrically ignited fires, responsibility has to be taken by someone.Do you know who bears responsibility for this installation?The standard clearly recommends the use of an arc fault detection device (AFDD)We hope you are entirely protected. Don‘t forget to consider RCDs for additional protection.An AFDD should be installed for protection An AFDD does not have to be installed for protectionNONONOIf a fire surprises sleeping individuals, the amount of time available to react accordingly and to evacuate is critically shortened, resulting in an elevated threat to human lives.In case of fire, fire propagating structures pose a significant threat to human lives due to dense population, difficult extinguish-ment and problematic evacuation.YES, and this person does not want to take these risksYES, but this person wants to take these risksIs this person distinctly aware about the consequences of electrically ignited fires?The person responsible should be informed about these dangers, and conduct this flowchart again.NOAre you confident with the recommendation?Does the installation supply premises with sleeping accommodations?The circuit ist not protected by state-of-the-art measures.NOAFDDs are capable of saving lives and protecting assets. YESYESYESYES
12EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENThe German standards series VDE 0100 “Low-voltage electrical installations” is a distinguished example of how different provisions and obligations build a framework which is based on, and refer to, state-of-the-art technology, such as AFDDs. For low-voltage electrical installations, the German electrician can assume legal compliance and conformity to regulations for all different aspects of electrical installations when following the VDE 0100 series. By following the recommended installation of AFDDs as stated by VDE 0100-420 ”Protection against thermal effects”, the legal and regulatory provisions, duties of insurants and regulations for the prevention of accidents are satisfied.Exemplary provisions in GermanyLegal framework and obligationsLegal and regulatory provisionsGenerally recognized rules of electrical engineering and state-of-the-art technologyNational standard (e.g. VDE 0100 „low-voltage electrical installations“ in Germany)Duties of insurant(e.g. fire insurance)Regulation for prevention of accidents Labour protection lawEnergy industry actSelection of protection devices for protection against thermal hazards, 2349-1 VdSSpecifications, rules and information from the carrier of the compulsory accident insurance
13EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENEuropean countries (CENELEC member states) typically implement the HD 60364-4-42 (harmonisation document), either by publishing an identical standard or by endorsing the original European harmonisation document, and have a deadline for the withdrawal of their respective conflicting national standards.Many countries such as Germany, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Spain, Denmark, Latvia, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, Switzerland, Finland and Italy have already implemented this novel protection against thermal hazards. National standardization committees have been permitted by CENELEC and IEC to introduce the recommendation for the use of the arc fault detection device (AFDD) in low-voltage electrical installations, while cascading down the IEC standard series IEC 60364 to regional standards and national guidelines and regulations.A matter of safetyEurope has identified the great potential to increase safetyglobalnationalregionalIEC 60364-4-42HD 60364-4-42VDE 0100-420
14EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENWhat is the scope of the standard?The standard applies to electrical installations with regard to measures for the protection of persons, livestock and property against– thermal effects, combustion or degradation of materials, and risk of burns caused by electrical equipment,– flames in case of a fire hazard being propagated from electrical installations to other fire compartments segregated by barriers which are in the vicinity, and– the impairment of the safe functioning of electrical equipment including safety services.The use of AFDDs satisfies as special measure to protect against arc faults in final circuits– in premises with sleeping accommodation,– in locations with risks of fire due to the nature of processed or stored materials,– in locations with combustible constructional materials– in fire propagating structures,– in locations with endangering of irreplaceable goods.Where does the standard recommend the installation of AFDDs?AFDDs are recommended to be installed in final circuits of hotel rooms, sleeping rooms in kindergartens or homes for the elderly, barns, wood-working shops, stores of combustible materials, wooden buildings (e.g. mountain cabins), national monuments, museums and other public buildings, such as railway stations and airports, but also laboratories, computer centres and certain industrial and storage facilities.Do I have to retrofit my installation?Retrofitting is only legally required if the system is being technically changed, i.e. in the case of a significant change to the system as well as to parts of existing systems that may be influenced by an extension or modification process. However, retrofitting should be considered in all cases if there is a chance of damage and an effective protection is technically feasible.IEC 60364-4-42Frequently asked questions about the application of the standard
15EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENDoes an AFDD have to be installed in general in IT systems?The installation standard does not distinguish between TN, TT and IT networks with respect to the risk of fire. Even in IT networks, serial arc faults can occur.Despite all this information, I am not sure whether to have an AFDD installed in my electrical system or not. What can I do now?According to IEC60364-4-42 AFDDs are recommended in final circuits. However, the national committees can implement stricter provisions which may result in having AFDDs required in certain final circuits. When in doubt seek appropriate expert advice.?Complete protection against all faults occurring in single-phase final circuits in just one single device.It is not sensitive to:• Arcs formed due to opening or closing of contacts • Brush sparking in motors of vacuum cleaners, drilling machines and other handheld power tools• Welding machines, plasma cuttersNor is the AFDD+ influenced by high frequency noise such as:• PowerLAN• PowerNETAFDD+, the comprehensive protection for all electrical faults.
16EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENPrevention: lowering the risk of electrically ignited firesExample: apartment (TN system)Only in combination with overcurrent protection (MCB) and residual current protection (RCD) can AFDDs provide comprehensive protection to reliably lower the risk of fires in final circuits.* Please note that the AFDD+ has a defined line and load side.House connection protection, Meter preliminary fuseRCCBIDn < 30 mARCCBIDn < 30 mARCCBIDn < 30 mAAFDD+/RCCBIDn < 30 mAAFDD+/RCCBIDn < 30 mAAFDD+/RCCBIDn < 30 mAMCBsElectric stoveLight circuit 1Light circuit 2Living roomKitchenBathroomBedroomChildren‘s room
17EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENQuestions about installationDo AFDDs only have to be used in final circuits?AFDDs are recommended to protect against the effects of arc faults in final circuits only. If used, AFDDs shall be placed at the origin of the final circuit to be protected.Is there a limitation to amperage?The IEC 60364 series does not limit the application of AFDDs to amperage in final circuits.What about protecting three-phase final circuits?IEC 60364 does not distinguish between single- and three-phase final circuits. The AFDD product standard IEC 62606 covers single-phase devices, three-phase devices are under consideration.As the majority of installations are provided with single-phase final circuits, it is clear that today’s focus is on single-phase final circuits and their protection.Why is it not wise to combine AFDDs with miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) only?The combination of AFDDs with MCBs only is protecting against short-circuit currents, overload currents and arc faults, which can be an ignition source for fires. However, this combination cannot protect against all electrical hazards. A higher level of protection can be achieved if the AFDD is equally combined with short-circuit current, overload current and residual current protection.This combination offers the most reliable and most comprehensive protection in final circuits. Combining the AFDD with an RCBO (combination of RCCB and MCB) is today’s most convenient way of offering complete protection and lowering the risk of electrically ignited fires.?
18EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENQuestions about retrofittingQuestions about added value and cost factorI already have an electrical installation, but I would still like to protect my home. Can I retrofit it with an AFDD?No problem; an AFDD can be built into an installation at any time. Usually, there are additional slots available for an extension. When retrofitting a home installation with an AFDD, the introduction of a combination device with a residual current and an MCB function is worth considering.However, the retrofitting needs to be performed by an electrically skilled person.What added value emerges from the use of an AFDD?The additional protection against electrically caused fires provides comprehensive protection for electrical systems and their supplied premises. This simple measure can actively prevent damage to human beings and goods.Is it really necessary to install an AFDD?With older electrical installations, it was not yet possible to install an arc fault detection device, so these systems had no way of detecting active arc faults. Therefore, electrically caused fires used to occur, injuring and killing many people and causing countless millions, even billions of euros worth of damage to building structures, machines, installations and goods. Oftentimes retrofitting or installation is not legally mandatory, but it is possible, and it is the only way of protecting homes, property and goods actively. The decision of whether or not to install this protective device, if there is no legal requirement to do so, lies with each individual.What additional costs must be planned for projects?As additional costs do not affect every circuit, but only the final circuits for which the AFDDs will be installed, the added value gained is clearly higher than the additional costs incurred.
19EATON CORPORATION BR003010ENArc faults or arc flashesQuestions about the initial testing of the installationAs an electrically skilled person, how can I ensure the effectiveness of the protective measures, test the AFDD and document the testing?The AFDD+ combines the AFD-unit, RCCB and MCB functionalities. The EATON AFD-unit can be tested with the test button, this triggers a built-in self-test function to check the AFD-unit electronics and finally triggers the RCCB part, too. In addition, the EATON AFD-unit periodically performs a self-test and checks all electronic functions. The MCB and RCCB parts need initial testing. The MCB part has to be chosen accor-ding to the nominal current and the possible short-circuit current of the final circuit. The latter has to be checked with an installation tester. Finally, the RCCB part needs tripping with an installation tester. The verifications of the MCB and RCCB parts have to be documented in a test protocol.What is the difference between an arc flash and an arc fault?In practice, the term „arc flash“ classically refers to an arc that occurs in high- power systems, in areas with a low or even high voltage. The causes are mostly parallel fault currents between multiple phases, phase and neutral (conductor) or phase and earth. However, arc flashes can also occur as breaking sparks on railways, for example.The term arc flash comes about due to the high current (25-150 kA or higher) that leads to an explosive increase in pressure and temperature. So-called arc flash detection devices (e.g. ARCON®) are protection devices that create an intentional mechanical short-circuit within a few milliseconds in order to dissipate the energy from the arc flash as quickly as possible via an induced voltage drop. This short-circuit is created in the physical close proximity of the main switch and is maintained until the main switch is disconnected, so typically a few hundred milliseconds.Arc faults describe arcing currents within the nominal or operating current of a system (mostly less than 125 A). These appear mostly in low-voltage installations and can remain undetected for a long time. They can occur, for instance, due to broken, crushed or damaged cables and wires, as well as loose contact points and insulation faults. Arc faults typically occur as serial arcs along a wire or termination clamp. Under certain circumstances, they also occur as parallel arcs between phase and neutral conductors. Arc faults can only be effectively detected and disconnected by AFDDs. Even arc faults of currents as little as a few amperes can ignite materials surrounding the location of the fault. ?
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